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philosophy assignment 代写:自然状态
2019-09-07 18:13
洛克的“自然状态”以自然积极的道德特征为特征,构建在上帝与人的基本关系之上(Ashcraft, 2005, p. 239;罗尔斯2005 pp.103 - 174)。正是上帝施行了“自然法”,以避免人们互相伤害,并促进保护人类(T II.ii.6-8)。因此,自然法赋予个人保护自己的权利和义务,并惩罚那些破坏他人自由的人。需要注意的是,对另一个人使用权力的“权利”总是涉及到保护整个人类,而不是偏袒某一个人(T II.ii.6;T II.xi.135;T II.xiv.159;T II.xv.171;T II.xvi.183;阿什克拉夫特,2005,第240页)。由于“自然法则”,洛克的前社会状态可能是和平的。每个人都有遵守和执行自然法的可能,但有些人可能决定不这样做。此外,即使在所有人都有效执行自然法的情况下,他们也是通过自己的判断来执行自然法的,这可能导致混乱和冲突(Kilcullen, 1983;邓恩,1967)。此外,洛克认为,惩罚那些“不受普通理性法则约束”的罪犯的权利可能会导致混乱,因为自爱会诱使人们原谅自己和朋友的过错,而“邪恶的本性、激情和报复”会驱使他们过度惩罚他人(T II.iii.16;Arshcraft, 1999;基尔卡伦,1983)。因此,一方面,对于男人来说,审判自己的案件是非常不合适的,尤其是在渴望和追求和谐与公平的情况下;另一方面,必须伸张正义,违法者必须受到惩罚.philosophy assignment 代写:自然状态
Lockean ‘State of Nature’ is characterized by natural positive moral features and structured on the fundamental relationship between God and man (Ashcraft, 2005, p. 239; Rawls, 2005, pp.103-174). It is precisely God who imposes the ‘Law of Nature’, in order to refrain people from hurting one another and to promote the preservation of mankind (T II.ii.6—8). Thus, the Law of Nature grant individuals the right and duty to preserve themselves and to punish those who undermine others’ freedom. What needs to be noticed, is that the ‘right’ to use power over another individual is always concerned in preserving the whole mankind, not in favoring one individual (T II.ii.6; T II.xi.135; T II.xiv.159; T II.xv.171; T II.xvi.183; Ashcraft, 2005, p. 240).Thanks to the ‘Law of Nature’, the Lockean pre-social condition is potentially peaceful. Every individual has the possibility comply with and enforce the natural law, but some might decide not to do so. Furthermore, even in the case in which all the individuals effectively enforce the law of nature, they do so by their own judgements, possibly resulting in confusion and conflict (Kilcullen, 1983; Dunn, 1967). Moreover, Locke argues, the right to punish offenders who ‘are not under the ties of Common Law of Reason’ could cause disorder as self-love would induce people to forgive their and their friends’ faults, while ‘Ill Nature, Passion and Revenge’ would drive them to over-punishing others (T II.iii.16; Arshcraft, 1999; Kilcullen, 1983). Hence, on one hand for men is extremely inappropriate to judge their own cases, especially if desiring and pursuing harmony and fairness; on the other, justice must be applied, and transgressors must be punished
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